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介孔活性炭作为一种具有高比表面积、大孔径和孔隙率体积、表面易于修饰、水热稳定性良好等特性的非硅基介孔功能材料，被广泛应用于催化、电化学、生物医药和吸附等诸多领域，成为国内外研究热点之一。本文综述了物理和化学活化法、硬模板法、软模板法、溶胶–凝胶法制备介孔活性炭材料，比较了各种方法的优缺点，并阐述了非金属掺杂、过渡金属掺杂、稀有金属掺杂和表面功能化氧化改性对介孔活性炭材料进行结构改性和功能化方面的进展。另外，简述了介孔活性炭材料中在重金属污染中的去除应用，最后对介孔活性炭材料新的发展方向进行了展望。
Abstract：Mesoporous activated carbon as a kind of non-silica-based mesoporous functional material is widely used in many fields such as catalysis,electrochemistry,supercapacitors,biomedicine,and adsorption due to its small pore size (i.e.,2–50 nm),high specific surface area,large pore size and volume of porosity,easy to modify the surface,and good hydrothermal stability.The development of mesoporous materials benefits from the rapid application of mesoporous activated carbon as an adsorbent in the field of adsorption.However,mesoporous carbon is not as widely utilized as mesoporous silica,and mesoporous carbon materials become popular just in recent years.This review represented recent development on the synthesis and preparation of mesoporous activated carbon materials by physical activation method,chemical activation method,hard template method,soft template method and sol–gel method.The common types of templating agents in the preparation of hard template method and soft template method were enumerated.Silica is widely used as a template,and a class of low-cost,easy-to-remove and environmentally friendly templating agents were derived.The application of excellent magnetic biochar in sol–gel method was analyzed.The physical properties of carbon materials synthesized from different carbon precursors under the condition of H_3PO4 as an activator were summarized.The control of pore size structure and morphology during the preparation of mesoporous carbon materials obtained by different methods were discussed.The current status of various methods in the preparation of mesoporous activated carbon materials was introduced.The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods in the synthesis of mesoporous activated carbon materials were analyzed.The four types of methods for structural modification and functionalization of mesoporous activated carbon materials by elemental doping of nitrogen,boron,phosphorus and sulfur in non-metals,transition metal doping led by iron,lanthanum,neodymium and cerium-dominated rare metal doping and oxidative modification of surface functionalization were described.The physical properties of carbon materials synthesized from some of the metal doped carbon precursor templates were discussed.The key role of introduction in mesoporous activated carbon materials undergoing structural modification was indicated via the introduction of functional groups through catalytic oxidation by chemical reagents to overcome the intrinsic limitation of limited adsorption capacity.Also,recent development on the adsorption of heavy metal ionsin was mentioned.In addition to some common metal elements,some niche metals (i.e.,cobalt) were utilized in doping.In the adsorption of heavy metal ions by mesoporous carbon materials,the sources of heavy metals in water body were introduced,and the application of mesoporous activated carbon materials before and after modification for the removal of heavy metal ions (i.e.,mercury,lead,and chromium) in wastewater was briefly described.Compared to the conventional activated carbon adsorbents on the removal of organic pollutants (i.e.,dyes,phenols and volatile organic compounds),the mesoporous carbon materials have advantages in the removal of mercury by mercury-sulphur binding,and heavy metals (i.e.,lead and hexavalent chromium,etc.).The mechanisms (i.e.,electrostatic interaction,ion exchange and surface complexation) in the adsorption process of mercury,lead,and chromium ions were summarized.Summary and prospects This review represented recent development on the mesoporous carbon materials for the adsorption of heavy metal ions in wastewater.Mesoporous activated carbon with larger specific surface area,functional groups and increased accessibility was suitable as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions.The existing work on the adsorption and removal research mainly focused on the removal of heavy metal cations in wastewater.There were some problems like elemental doping monoculture,rapid saturation of activated carbon,waste treatment of secondary pollution and low recovery rate.Therefore,future work could involve the development of more elemental co-doping,the use of magnetic adsorbentor the combination of membrane technology for the specific adsorption of hydroxyl compounds ions or other complex ions in order to achieve a great adsorption selectivity for multi-component mixed pollutants.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230501
中图分类号:X703;TQ424.1
引用信息:
[1]冯博,文洋,刘丽,等.介孔活性炭制备、改性及吸附废水中重金属进展[J].硅酸盐学报,2024,52(01):333-346.DOI:10.14062/j.issn.0454-5648.20230501.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金(52174248,52264022); 江西省双千计划(jxsq2019201115); 江西省青年井冈学者奖励计划
2023-07-15
2023
2023-11-21
2023
2023-12-06
1
2023-11-21
2023-11-21
2023-11-21